Impact of culture-based bacteriological examination on diagnosis and treatment in cats with chronic nasal disease — Insights from a case series of 25 cats

TL;DR

This study examines the usefulness of bacterial cultures in diagnosing and treating chronic nasal disease in cats, finding limited diagnostic value and suggesting alternative approaches.

Contribution

The study is the first to report the use of cyclosporine in feline chronic rhinosinusitis and questions the utility of culture-based bacteriological exams.

Findings

Culture-based bacteriological exams showed similar bacterial isolates across different nasal disease types in cats.

Immunosuppressive therapy, including cyclosporine, improved outcomes in some cats with chronic rhinosinusitis.

PCR testing for Mycoplasma and viral pathogens may better guide treatment decisions than bacterial cultures.

Abstract

Diagnosing feline nasal cavity diseases typically involves computed tomography, rhinoscopy, mycological examination, and histopathology. Culture-based bacteriological examination (cBE) is frequently performed, though its diagnostic and therapeutic relevance remains uncertain. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), a diagnosis of exclusion, often responds poorly to standard antibiotics. This retrospective case series aimed to describe the correlation of cBE findings (1) across nasal diseases and (2) treatment responses in CRS cases.

Medical records of 25 cats with confirmed nasal disease using comprehensive diagnostics were reviewed.

Included were 11 CRS cats, 7 with mycotic rhinitis, and 7 with nasal neoplasia. In 24/25 cats, cBE was positive, with similar bacterial isolates across all groups. In CRS cats, treatment response did not consistently correlate with cBE results or antimicrobial susceptibility. 5/11 CRS cats showed clinical improvement following a 21-day doxycycline course. The remaining 6/11 CRS cats had not responded to previous targeted antibiotic therapy or empirical doxycycline for potential Mycoplasma species infection. 3/6 cats responded only to immunosuppressive therapy notably cyclosporine in two CRS cats, representing the first report in feline medicine. Non-responders were 3/6 CRS cats with marked turbinate destruction; 2/3 tested positive for feline herpesvirus 1.

For diagnosing nasal diseases, cBE showed limited diagnostic relevance. In CRS, observations suggest that cBE may have limited diagnostic and therapeutic utility, leading to a clinical dilemma in interpretation. Empirical doxycycline treatment and immunosuppressive strategies, including cyclosporine, may be beneficial in selected CRS cases. Given the limitations of cBE, PCR testing for Mycoplasma species and viral pathogens may improve clinical decision-making in cats with CRS, both by helping to identify potential candidates for doxycycline treatment, and by assessing the risk of viral reactivation prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy.

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