# Integrating procurement, prescription, and resistance data to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship: insights from a public health institution in India

## TL;DR

This study explores how antimicrobial use and resistance are linked in an Indian hospital, using data on drug procurement, prescriptions, and resistance to improve stewardship.

## Contribution

The study integrates procurement, prescription, and resistance data to identify inefficiencies in antimicrobial use and guide stewardship interventions.

## Key findings

- Amoxicillin-clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were highly procured, with high resistance rates observed in Escherichia coli.
- Over 50% of prescribed antimicrobials were broad-spectrum, and most belonged to the WHO AWaRe 'Access' category.
- A weak positive association was found between antimicrobial procurement and sensitivity, suggesting higher procurement does not necessarily increase resistance.

## Abstract

Sustained and sub-optimal antimicrobial use drives antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a major health systems challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as India. This study examined the relationship between institutional antimicrobial procurement and outpatient prescribing patterns, and how these influence resistance trends identified through antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) in a public community hospital.

Data were collected from three sources: (i) procurement records (2018–2022), (ii) AST results from urine, pus, and stool samples (2023–2024), and (iii) outpatient prescriptions (2023–2024). Each dataset was analyzed individually and in an integrated framework to assess interrelationships between antimicrobial use and resistance.

Amoxicillin-clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were among the most procured drugs, with Escherichia coli (urine) resistance rates of 53%, 87%, and 39%, respectively. The most frequently prescribed antimicrobials were Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (24%), Cefixime (15%), and Azithromycin (11%); over 50% were broad-spectrum agents and over 90% belonged to the WHO AWaRe “Access” category. Correlation analysis revealed a weak positive association between procurement and sensitivity, indicating that higher procurement did not necessarily increase resistance.

These findings demonstrate the feasibility of linking institutional datasets to identify inefficiencies in antimicrobial use and guide evidence-based stewardship interventions, including formulary revision, procurement alignment, and data-driven prescribing practices.