# Nationwide seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic and prepandemic periods in Lao PDR

## TL;DR

This study found no evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 immunity in Laos before the pandemic and low seroprevalence before vaccines and infection surges.

## Contribution

The study provides the first nationwide seroprevalence data of SARS-CoV-2 in Lao PDR during prepandemic and early pandemic periods.

## Key findings

- Pre-pandemic sera from 2003–2018 tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
- Seroprevalence in 2021 was highest in Bokeo and Oudomxay at 19.8%.
- Most 2021 samples were collected after vaccine introduction and infection surges.

## Abstract

Lao PDR reported a low number of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases until the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines in April 2021. This raised doubts about whether the reported number reflected the true situation and questioned about possible pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

We retrospectively analyzed leftover blood donor samples collected in 2003–2004, 2015, and 2018 in Vientiane Capital, as well as samples collected in 2020 and between February and August 2021 across 18 provinces in Lao PDR to better understand the epidemiology of the infection. The samples were first screened using an anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA (Euroimmun). The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was then confirmed or refuted by testing positive and equivocal samples using anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG CLIA (Beckman Coulter) targeting anti-Spike antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization test.

All pre-pandemic sera from Vientiane capital (79 in 2003−2004, 406 in 2015 and 191 in 2018), and all 2,225 sera collected in 2020 from eight provinces, tested negative. A total of 3,663 sera were collected prospectively in 2021 from 14 provinces. Bokeo and Oudomxay had the highest prevalence, each at 19.8%, followed by Luang Namtha at 16.1% and Salavan at 15.5%. However, the majority of samples collected from those four provinces were obtained after the outbreak surge and the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines in mid-April.

There was no evidence of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed to be low in Lao PDR before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines and the surge in infections from May 2021.