# Transplantation of hiPSC-derived pericytes rescues Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes in APOE4/4 mice through IGF2-rich apoptotic vesicles

## TL;DR

Transplanting pericytes from healthy human stem cells improves Alzheimer's symptoms in mice with a high genetic risk, likely through IGF2-rich vesicles that repair brain barriers.

## Contribution

APOE3/3 pericyte-derived apoptotic vesicles enriched in IGF2 rescue AD phenotypes in APOE4/4 mice, offering a novel cell-free therapeutic strategy.

## Key findings

- APOE3/3 pericyte transplants rescued cognitive decline and restored BBB integrity in APOE4/4 mice.
- Apoptotic vesicles from transplanted pericytes, not the cells themselves, were distributed in the brain and repaired local pericytes.
- IGF2 was identified as a key therapeutic molecule in these vesicles, with its knockout reversing the beneficial effects.

## Abstract

Effective therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remain to be developed. APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. Pericyte degeneration and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption are thought to be early biomarkers of AD and contribute to cognitive decline in APOE4 carriers, representing potential therapeutic targets. Our previous studies have shown that pericyte transplantation is one of the most effective strategies for BBB restoration, exhibiting great therapeutic potential for APOE4-related BBB damage and AD phenotypes.

APOE4/4 mice were treated with pericytes derived from APOE3/3 human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Behavioral tests, AD pathologies, and BBB integrity were assessed. Subsequently, temporal and spatial distribution of the transplanted pericytes was analyzed using tdTomato+ lentivirus labeling. Next, therapeutic effects of apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs) generated from APOE3/3 pericytes were evaluated in APOE4/4 pericytes in vitro. Additionally, transcriptomic and proteomic profiling were performed to identify key effector molecules in pericyte-derived ApoVs. Finally, the therapeutic effects of ApoVs derived from pericytes were evaluated in APOE4/4 mice.

Early, multiple transplantations of pericytes derived from APOE3/3 hiPSCs robustly rescued cognitive decline and AD pathologies, restored BBB integrity, and prevented in situ pericyte degeneration in aged APOE4/4 mice. Intriguingly, ApoVs released from the infused cells, rather than the transplanted pericytes, were predominantly distributed in the brain, which were ingested by in situ APOE4/4 pericytes and then promoted functional recovery. We further characterized insulin growth factor-2 (IGF-2) as a key factor in APOE3/3 pericyte-derived ApoVs. Infusion of the in vitro generated ApoVs from APOE3/3 pericytes demonstrated distinct therapeutic effects in APOE4/4 mice, which were reversed by IGF2 knockout.

APOE3/3 pericytes or APOE3/3 pericyte-derived IGF2-rich ApoVs may offer promising therapeutic strategies for APOE4-associated AD.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-025-00512-6.