# Simplified Fracture Mechanics Analysis at the Zinc–Adhesive Interface in Galvanized Steel–CFRP Single-Lap Joints

## TL;DR

This study simplifies the analysis of how cracks form at the zinc-adhesive interface in joints between galvanized steel and carbon fiber composites.

## Contribution

A simplified analytical framework is introduced to qualitatively assess geometric effects on fracture behavior in galvanized steel–CFRP joints.

## Key findings

- Increasing overlap length reduces crack driving force (Gint), while increasing adhesive thickness raises it.
- Thicker adhesive layers shift fracture mode from shear- to opening-dominated.
- The simplified model captures qualitative trends despite limited quantitative accuracy.

## Abstract

Adhesively bonded joints between galvanized steel and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are critical in modern lightweight structures, but their performance is often limited by failure at the zinc–adhesive interface. This study presents a parametric analysis to investigate the influence of key geometric parameters on interfacial cracking in a single-lap joint (SLJ) configuration, employing a simplified analytical methodology based on Interface Fracture Mechanics (IFM). The model combines the Goland–Reissner approach for estimating crack-tip loads with highly simplified, constant shape functions to calculate the energy release rate (Gint) and phase angle (ψ). To provide a practical reference, experimental data from shear tests on S350 GD galvanized steel bonded to CFRP were used to estimate the range of interfacial fracture toughness for this material system. The parametric results demonstrate that, for a constant load, increasing the overlap length reduces the crack driving force (Gint), while increasing the adhesive thickness raises it. Crucially, the model indicates that a thicker adhesive layer shifts the fracture mode from shear- to opening-dominated, a trend consistent with the established mechanics of SLJs, where increased joint rotation amplifies peel stresses. The study concludes that while the use of constant shape functions limits the model’s quantitative accuracy, this simplified analytical framework effectively captures the qualitative influence of key geometric parameters on the joint’s fracture behavior. It serves as a valuable and resource-efficient tool for preliminary design explorations and for interpreting experimentally observed failure trends in galvanized steel–CFRP joints.