Nano-Based Vaccine Delivery Systems: Innovative Therapeutics Against Cancer and Neurological Disorders

TL;DR

This paper reviews how nanoparticle-based vaccines can improve immune responses for treating cancer and neurological disorders.

Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery systems for complex diseases.

Findings

Nanoparticles enhance immunogenicity and stability of vaccines through co-encapsulation of adjuvants or immune-stimulatory properties.

Lipid-based nanoparticles, especially those with mRNA, show adaptability for vaccine delivery.

NP composition, size, and surface charge influence biodistribution and immune response modulation.

Abstract

Vaccines have emerged as one of the most effective biomedical strategies for the eradication of diseases. However, a significant limitation remains in their ability to induce comprehensive humoral and cellular immune responses. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have been advanced as a novel vaccine delivery approach to address reduced immunogenicity. Several nanoparticle-based agents have now been approved for human use, and NP-based formulations have shown remarkable potential to enhance immunogenicity and stability, supporting targeted delivery and controlled release either through co-encapsulation of adjuvants such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists or the inherent immune-stimulatory properties of NP materials in minimizing cytotoxicity. Despite these advances, there remains a pressing need for vaccines capable of addressing complex and multifactorial diseases such as neurological disorders and cancer. Nanotechnology could be a viable solution to this challenge. The use of lipid-based NPs, particularly those encapsulating mRNA, has garnered attention for its adaptability in vaccine delivery. Current studies indicate that NP composition, surface charge and size may play a crucial role in modulating biodistribution, delivering immune-stimulatory molecules, targeting antigens and trafficking antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which enhance immune responses across mucosal and systemic tissues. This review highlights recent advancements in NP-based vaccines and delivery systems, and adjuvants for cancer and neurological disorders. The review also covers an overview of NP-based and alternative delivery systems, focusing on the mechanisms and innovations related to NP-based systems for immunotherapeutic applications in cancer and neurological disorders.

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