Drowsiness Classification in Young Drivers Based on Facial Near-Infrared Images Using a Convolutional Neural Network: A Pilot Study

TL;DR

This pilot study explores using near-infrared facial images and a neural network to detect drowsiness in young drivers with high accuracy.

Contribution

The study introduces a novel approach using 940 nm near-infrared imaging and CNNs for drowsiness classification in young drivers.

Findings

Binary classification of drowsiness using 940 nm NIR images achieved approximately 90% accuracy.

Grad-CAM identified the nasal dorsum as a key region for drowsiness detection, aligning with physiological indicators.

Abstract

Drowsy driving is a major cause of traffic accidents worldwide, and its early detection remains essential for road safety. Conventional driver monitoring systems (DMS) primarily rely on behavioral indicators such as eye closure, gaze, or head pose, which typically appear only after a significant decline in alertness. This study explores the potential of facial near-infrared (NIR) imaging as a hypothetical physiological indicator of drowsiness. Because NIR light penetrates more deeply into biological tissue than visible light, it may capture subtle variations in blood flow and oxygenation near superficial vessels. Based on this hypothesis, we conducted a pilot feasibility study involving young adult participants to investigate whether drowsiness levels could be estimated from single-frame NIR facial images acquired at 940 nm—a wavelength already used in commercial DMS and suitable for both physiological sensitivity and practical feasibility. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained to classify multiple levels of drowsiness, and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) was applied to interpret the discriminative regions. The results showed that classification based on 940 nm NIR images is feasible, achieving an optimal accuracy of approximately 90% under the binary classification scheme (Pattern A). Grad-CAM revealed that regions around the nasal dorsum contributed to this, consistent with known physiological signs of drowsiness. These findings support the feasibility of NIR-based drowsiness classification in young drivers and provide a foundation for future studies with larger and more diverse populations.

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