# Toward Off-Grid Photovoltaics-Driven Hydrogen Production: A Conceptual Study on Biomass-Assisted Fe3+/Fe2+ Mediated Co-Electrolysis

## TL;DR

This study explores a new method for low-energy hydrogen production using iron ions and biomass, which could be powered by off-grid solar energy.

## Contribution

The study introduces a biomass-assisted Fe3+/Fe2+ mediated co-electrolysis approach to reduce energy consumption in hydrogen production.

## Key findings

- Fe2+ oxidation replaces OER with a much lower initial oxidation potential of 0.5 V.
- Chlorella pyrenoidosa achieves a 90.5% Fe3+ reduction rate at 190 °C.
- Optimized conditions yield a current density of 280 mA/cm2, higher than similar studies.

## Abstract

As a conceptual study for low-energy hydrogen production, potentially coupled with off-grid photovoltaics, this work focuses on overcoming the constraint of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which features a high anode potential and significant overpotential. To reduce energy consumption, the Fe2+ oxidation reaction is employed to replace OER, coupled with Fe2+ regeneration using natural biomass. Experimental results reveal that Fe2+ oxidation reaction is an effective substitute, with an initial oxidation potential of 0.5 V (vs. Hg/Hg2SO4), much lower than that of OER. Fe2+ regeneration is notably influenced by both biomass type and reaction temperature. Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CP) achieves the highest Fe3+ reduction rate of 90.5% at 190 °C. Water-soluble organic compounds generated during biomass oxidation exert a negative impact on Fe2+ electrooxidation by accumulating on or coating the electrode surface, and the compounds derived from CP exert a less detrimental effect. Moreover, enhancing magnetic stirring, elevating temperature, and selecting an appropriate anode material can significantly boost the oxidation reaction. Under optimized conditions, the current density during electrolysis of CP filtrate at 1.1 V reaches 280 mA/cm2, much higher than values reported in similar studies. This highlights the great potential of this co-electrolysis approach for efficient hydrogen production driven by off-grid photovoltaic power.