# Investigating the Nutritional Properties, Chemical Composition (UPLC-HR-MS) and Safety (Ames Test) of Atriplex halimus L. Leaves and Their Potential Health Implications

## TL;DR

This study examines the nutritional and chemical properties of Atriplex halimus L. leaves, finding them rich in fiber, iron, and polyphenols, with no toxic effects and high bioaccessibility of antioxidants.

## Contribution

The study provides a comprehensive chemical and nutritional profile of Atriplex halimus L. leaves, including novel metabolite identification and safety confirmation via the Ames test.

## Key findings

- Atriplex halimus leaves are rich in dietary fiber (44.41 g/100 g) and iron (142.0 mg/100 g).
- The leaves contain 40.6% polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic and α-linolenic acid.
- The traditional decoction showed high polyphenol bioaccessibility (71.52%) and no mutagenic effects in the Ames test.

## Abstract

Motivated by the plant’s ethnopharmacological importance and the health conditions of the Sahrawi people, who have been living as refugees for over 50 years, this study comprehensively assessed the nutritional profile, secondary metabolite composition, in vitro bioaccessibility, and toxicological safety of Atriplex halimus L. leaves. The proximate analysis demonstrated richness in dietary fiber (44.41 ± 0.11 g/100 g) and essential macro/microelements, notably iron (142.0 ± 2.41 mg/100 g). The lipid profile features essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically linoleic and α-linolenic acid, accounting for 40.6 ± 7.0% of total fatty acids. The UPLC-HR--MS characterization of two extracts tentatively identified 13 specialized metabolites, including uncommon flavonoids such as highly glycosylated forms of isorhamnetin and syringetin. Caffeic acid 3-sulfate and caffeic acid 4-sulfate were identified by NMR. Although in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH/FRAP tests) was minimal, the traditional decoction showed high total polyphenol bioaccessibility (71.52 ± 0.46%) during simulated gastrointestinal digestion following the harmonized static protocol. The Ames test (using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA1535) confirmed toxicological safety, as neither extract induced mutagenic or genotoxic effects. In conclusion, the robust nutritional composition, in vitro proven safety, and high polyphenol bioaccessibility suggest A. halimus leaves as a promising, nutrient-rich functional ingredient.