# Study on the Influence of Winding Height on the Short-Circuit Withstand Capability of 110 kV Transformers

## TL;DR

This study examines how the height of low-voltage windings in 110 kV transformers affects their ability to withstand short-circuit currents, using simulations and experiments.

## Contribution

The study introduces a CNN-LSTM model for detecting short-circuit damage in transformers based on winding height and confirms the impact of winding height on electromagnetic forces.

## Key findings

- Increasing low-voltage winding height increases leakage magnetic flux by 36%.
- Radial electromagnetic force increases by 37.5% with taller windings.
- Excessively tall windings reduce mechanical stability and increase short-circuit damage risk.

## Abstract

The short-circuit withstanding capability of a transformer is a critical indicator for evaluating its operational reliability. This study investigates the influence of the low-voltage winding height, a key structural parameter, on the electromagnetic forces induced by short-circuit currents and the resultant short-circuit withstand capability. First, theoretical calculation formulas for the transformer leakage magnetic field and winding electromagnetic forces were derived, establishing a foundation for subsequent analysis. Subsequently, two 110 kV transformers, identical in all structural parameters except for their low-voltage winding heights, were selected as case studies. Three-dimensional finite element models were constructed to perform detailed simulations and a comparative analysis of the leakage magnetic field distribution and electromagnetic forces under short-circuit conditions. Finally, practical short-circuit tests were conducted on both transformers for experimental validation, monitoring and comparison of their short-circuit reactance variation curves. Furthermore, a CNN-LSTM model, utilizing the winding axial height of a 110 kV three-phase three-limb transformer as the characteristic parameter, is developed to detect short-circuit fault damage in such transformers with varying winding heights. Through a combined approach of theoretical analysis, simulation, and experimental verification, this study confirms that the low-voltage winding height was a crucial factor affecting the transformer’s short-circuit withstand capability of the transformer. Studies have shown that with the increase in the height of low-voltage windings, the leakage magnetic flux of the low-voltage windings increases by 36%, the radial electromagnetic force increases by 37.5%, and the axial electromagnetic force increases by 8.5%. Excessively tall windings amplify radial electromagnetic forces, compromising mechanical stability and consequently increasing the risk of damage during short-circuit faults.