# Vesicle-Mediated Transfer of CTX-M β-Lactamase Genes and Proteins Confers Ampicillin Resistance in Escherichia coli

## TL;DR

This study shows that Escherichia coli can spread antibiotic resistance through tiny vesicles that carry both resistance genes and enzymes that inactivate antibiotics.

## Contribution

The study uniquely demonstrates that OMVs from CTX-M-15–producing E. coli contain both resistance genes and active β-lactamase enzymes.

## Key findings

- OMVs from E. coli contain CTX-M-15 genes protected from digestion.
- OMVs exhibit β-lactamase activity primarily within their interior.
- OMVs inactivate ampicillin and protect susceptible bacteria from antibiotic effects.

## Abstract

The global rise of antimicrobial resistance represents a critical challenge to public health, with Escherichia coli emerging as one of the most significant contributors due to its high adaptability and prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nanoscale structures released by Gram-negative bacteria, have recently been implicated in the dissemination of resistance determinants and direct antibiotic inactivation. This study investigated the role of OMVs derived from ESBL-producing E. coli in mediating resistance to ampicillin. Clinical strains harboring CTX-M-15 resistance genes were cultured under selective pressure, and OMVs were purified via size-exclusion chromatography. Characterization using tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy confirmed vesicle integrity, with sizes ranging from 80 to 150 nm. DNA quantification and PCR analysis revealed the presence of CTX-M-15 genes within vesicles, which remained protected from DNase digestion, confirming encapsulation. Functional assays demonstrated β-lactamase activity within OMVs, with proteinase K treatment indicating localization primarily within vesicles rather than on their surface. Importantly, OMVs inactivated ampicillin in a dose-dependent manner, significantly reducing its efficacy against susceptible E. coli. Disc diffusion and microtiter plate assays confirmed that β-lactamase-positive OMVs protected susceptible strains from antibiotic killing, promoting bacterial survival and growth. This study uniquely demonstrates that OMVs from CTX-M-15–producing Escherichia coli carry both resistance genes and active β-lactamase enzymes, thereby facilitating both genetic dissemination and direct antibiotic inactivation. Targeting OMV biogenesis may represent a novel strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance.