# Post-Exercise Shifts in the Hemato–Biochemical Profile of Unacclimatized Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

## TL;DR

Untrained camels take up to 48 hours to recover from exercise in hot conditions, with changes in blood clotting, salt levels, and muscle stress markers.

## Contribution

This study provides the first detailed recovery timeline for blood chemistry in unacclimatized camels after strenuous desert exercise.

## Key findings

- Blood clotting ability increased immediately after exercise but normalized within 3 hours.
- Electrolyte levels like sodium and potassium showed distinct recovery patterns over 48 hours.
- Muscle stress enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase spiked early, indicating temporary muscle strain.

## Abstract

Camels are well known for their ability to live in deserts, but little is understood about how their blood chemistry changes after hard work in hot conditions, especially if the animals are not trained. In this study, healthy young camels were asked to perform a 90 min outdoor exercise session at midday heat, and their blood was tested before and at several times after exercise. The results showed that red blood cells, which carry oxygen, remained largely unchanged. In contrast, the ability of blood to clot became stronger right after exercise but returned to normal within a few hours. Levels of salts in the blood, such as sodium, potassium, and phosphate, shifted in clear patterns: sodium rose and fell within the first six hours, while potassium and phosphate stayed low for up to two days. Proteins and sugars in the blood also changed temporarily, and muscle-related enzymes increased, especially lactate dehydrogenase, showing signs of muscle stress. Overall, the camels needed at least 48 h to return to balance. These findings are important because they provide practical guidance for veterinarians and owners on how long camels need to rest after strenuous work in the heat to protect their health and welfare.

Exercise-unacclimatized dromedary camels regularly perform strenuous work in desert heat; however, their short-term hematologic and biochemical recovery is not well defined. In this prospective repeated-measures experiment, seven healthy bulls underwent a standardized 90 min outdoor exercise bout, with blood sampled before exercise and at 0, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h of recovery. The analytical panel included hematology, primary hemostasis, electrolytes, osmolality, protein fractions, metabolites, and serum enzymes. Red-cell indices remained stable, indicating minimal erythrocyte mobilization, while bleeding time shortened sharply at 0 h and normalized by 3 h. Sodium and osmolality followed a biphasic pattern with an early rise at 3 h, a nadir at 6 h, and partial rebound by 24 h, whereas potassium and phosphate stayed depressed from 6 to 48 h. Proteins and glucose showed transient changes, and muscle-associated enzymes, especially lactate dehydrogenase, peaked early before declining. These findings demonstrate that camels tolerate combined exercise and heat stress but require up to 48 h to re-establish biochemical balance. The recovery timeline provides a clinically relevant framework for sampling, welfare monitoring, and management of work–rest cycles in desert environments.