# Importance of Capillary Leak and Nocturia in Defining and Successfully Treating Idiopathic Edema

## TL;DR

Idiopathic edema in women can be successfully treated by addressing capillary leak through salt and water restriction and using support hose.

## Contribution

The paper identifies capillary leak as the key mechanism in idiopathic edema and provides a treatment framework.

## Key findings

- Salt restriction with or without diuretics eliminated weight gain and nocturia in uncomplicated cases.
- Support hose reduced postural hypotension and fainting by increasing interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
- Water restriction prevented hyponatremia and its severe complications in life-threatening cases.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Idiopathic edema (IE) in women is characterized by swelling of hands and face followed by increasing abdominal and truncal girth, bloating, edema, >1.4 kg weight gain when in upright posture, and nocturia that eliminates the retained fluid. A capillary leak is the primary pathophysiologic abnormality that induces different clinical presentations that were considered untreatable. Methods: We utilized different aspects of Starling forces of edema formation and treated four uncomplicated cases of IE by reducing salt intake with or without diuretics and two cases of life-threatening cases due to seizures and coma induced by acute hyponatremia in one and postural dizziness, fainting, and fractures and dislocations of joints in another. Results: All four uncomplicated cases of IE were treated by reducing salt intake with or without diuretics that eliminated the weight gain and nocturia. The patient with hyponatremia never developed hyponatremia by reducing water intake and signs and symptoms of IE by salt restriction and diuretic therapy and eliminated the postural hypotension, falls, and fainting by use of support hose that increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure to eliminate fluid shifting from intravascular to interstitial spaces. Conclusions: A leaky capillary induces pathophysiologic changes that activate different metabolic pathways. IE is now a treatable condition, following: 1. Salt restriction with or without diuretics for the cyclical weight gain, and 2. Water restriction for hyponatremia, hyponatremic seizures, and coma and 3. support hose for postural hypotension, postural dizziness, and fainting. IE is unrecognized and probably more common than it is perceived.