# Hardness Characterization of Simultaneous Aging and Surface Treatment of 3D-Printed Maraging Steel

## TL;DR

This study explores combining aging and surface treatment in 3D-printed maraging steel to simplify and reduce the cost of industrial manufacturing.

## Contribution

The novelty lies in demonstrating that simultaneous aging and nitriding in 3D-printed maraging steel achieves comparable hardness to conventional methods.

## Key findings

- The hardness of as-built 3D-printed maraging steel is comparable to conventionally treated bulk steel.
- Simultaneous aging and nitriding can be optimized using DSC measurements and phase transformation modeling.
- Surface hardness is determined solely by the coating type, not the substrate or heat treatment method.

## Abstract

The primary objective of this research is to simplify and make the industrial manufacturing process of coated maraging steels more economical by combining the advantages of additive manufacturing with simultaneous bulk (aging) and surface (nitriding) treatment in an effective manner. With this aim, preliminary experiments were performed that demonstrated the hardness (and related microstructure) of an as-built MS1 maraging steel, produced by selective laser melting (SLM), is comparable to that of the bulk maraging steel products treated by conventional solution annealing. The direct aging of the solution-annealed and as-built 3D printed maraging steel resulted in similar hardness, indicating that the kinetics of the precipitation hardening process are identical for the steel in both conditions. This assumption was strengthened by a thermodynamic analysis of the kinetics and determination of the activation energy for precipitation hardening using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements. Industrial target experiments were performed on duplex-coated SLM-printed MS1 steel specimens, which were simultaneously aged and salt-bath nitrided, followed by PVD coating with three different ceramic layers: DLC, CrN, and TiN. For reference, similar duplex-coated samples were used, featuring a bulk Böhler W720 maraging steel substrate that was solution annealed, precipitation hardened, and salt-bath nitrided in separate steps, following conventional procedures. The technological parameters (temperature and time) of the simultaneous nitriding and aging process were optimized by modeling the phase transformations of the entire heat treatment procedure using DSC measurements. A comparison was made based on the in-depth hardness profile estimated by the so-called expanding cavity model (ECM), demonstrating that the hardness of the surface layer of the coated composite material systems is determined solely by the type of the coatings and does not influenced by the type of the applied substrate materials (bulk or 3D printed) or its heat treatment (whether it is a conventional, multi-step treatment or a simultaneous nitriding + aging process). Based on the research work, a proposal is suggested for modernizing and improving the cost-effectiveness of producing aged, duplex-treated, wear-resistant ceramic-coated maraging steel.