# Frugal Self-Optimization Mechanisms for Edge–Cloud Continuum

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a lightweight self-optimization module for managing resource-constrained devices in the Edge–Cloud Continuum, using anomaly detection and adaptive sampling to improve system efficiency and resilience.

## Contribution

A novel, frugal self-optimization module integrating real-time anomaly detection and adaptive sampling for distributed systems in the Edge–Cloud Continuum.

## Key findings

- The module effectively detects anomalies in real-time resource utilization data streams.
- The dynamic adaptive sampling technique improves data transmission efficiency and system resilience.
- Experiments show the module outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in resource-constrained scenarios.

## Abstract

The increasing complexity of the Edge–Cloud Continuum (ECC), driven by the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and data-intensive applications, necessitates implementing innovative methods for automated and efficient system management. In this context, recent studies focused on the utilization of self-* capabilities that can be used to enhance system autonomy and increase operational proactiveness. Separately, anomaly detection and adaptive sampling techniques have been explored to optimize data transmission and improve systems’ reliability. The integration of those techniques within a single, lightweight, and extendable self-optimization module is the main subject of this contribution. The module was designed to be well suited for distributed systems, composed of highly resource-constrained operational devices (e.g., wearable health monitors, IoT sensors in vehicles, etc.), where it can be utilized to self-adjust data monitoring and enhance the resilience of critical processes. The focus is put on the implementation of two core mechanisms, derived from the current state-of-the-art: (1) density-based anomaly detection in real-time resource utilization data streams, and (2) a dynamic adaptive sampling technique, which employs Probabilistic Exponential Weighted Moving Average. The performance of the proposed module was validated using both synthetic and real-world datasets, which included a sample collected from the target infrastructure. The main goal of the experiments was to showcase the effectiveness of the implemented techniques in different, close to real-life scenarios. Moreover, the results of the performed experiments were compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms in order to examine their advantages and inherent limitations. With the emphasis put on frugality and real-time operation, this contribution offers a novel perspective on resource-aware autonomic optimization for next-generation ECC.