# A Review of Graphene-Integrated Biosensors for Non-Invasive Biochemical Monitoring in Health Applications

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how graphene-based sensors can non-invasively monitor health in real time, offering a more comfortable and continuous alternative to traditional diagnostic methods.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of graphene-integrated biosensors for non-invasive health monitoring, highlighting their design and potential in personalized medicine.

## Key findings

- Graphene's properties make it ideal for wearable sensors due to its conductivity and flexibility.
- These sensors can enable continuous monitoring of physiological signals for chronic disease management.
- The review identifies challenges in sensor design and suggests future research directions.

## Abstract

This review explores the transformative potential of graphene-based, non-invasive biochemical sensors in the context of real-time health monitoring and personalised medicine. Traditional diagnostic methods often involve invasive procedures that can be uncomfortable, pose risks, and limit the frequency of monitoring. In contrast, wearable sensors incorporating graphene offer a compelling alternative by enabling continuous, real-time tracking of physiological and biochemical signals with minimal intrusion. Graphene’s exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and high surface-area-to-volume ratio make it ideally suited for integration into skin-conformal sensor platforms. These properties not only enhance sensitivity and signal fidelity but also promote user comfort and long-term wearability, critical factors for the adoption of wearable health technologies. The discussion evaluates current developments in the design and deployment of graphene-based biosensors, with particular attention given to their role in managing chronic conditions, supporting preventative healthcare, and facilitating decentralised diagnostics. By bridging materials science and biomedical engineering, this review positions graphene as a key enabler in the shift towards more proactive, patient-centred healthcare models. The text also identifies ongoing challenges and future directions in sensor design, aiming to inform researchers working at the intersection of advanced materials and medical technology.