# Carbon Fixation from Industrial Flue Gas via CO2 Mineral Carbonation: Principles, Technical Advances, and Future Directions

## TL;DR

This paper reviews CO2 mineral carbonation as a method to capture and store carbon dioxide from industrial emissions, mimicking natural processes to reduce climate impact.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of CO2 mineral carbonation advancements, focusing on principles, technical progress, and future directions.

## Key findings

- CO2 mineral carbonation has evolved from natural mineral sequestration to applications in cement and industrial waste.
- The technology enables on-site treatment of industrial flue gas and solid waste, offering emission reduction and resource utilization.
- The review highlights challenges and proposes future research directions for the commercialization of CO2 mineral carbonation.

## Abstract

The predominant reliance on fossil fuel combustion for energy production continues to release significant amounts of CO2, causing global temperatures to approach the critical threshold of 1.5 °C. This has led to an increasing frequency of extreme weather events, which pose severe threats to ecosystems, economic development, and human safety. CO2 mineral carbonation, by mimicking the natural weathering process, facilitates the reaction between minerals and CO2, resulting in long-term and stable sequestration. Over several decades of development, this technology has evolved from its initial application in natural mineral sequestration to broader use in sectors such as cement concrete, industrial solid waste recycling, and chemical production. It offers an innovative solution for emission reduction and resource utilization in high-emission industries, particularly those characterized by difficult-to-decarbonize point sources. This technology holds promise for the on-site treatment and value-added utilization of industrial flue gas and solid waste at the source. This review systematically presents the research advancements and emerging trends in CO2 mineral carbonation, covering key aspects such as reaction mechanisms, research progress, engineering demonstrations, and prospects. A particular focus is placed on analyzing the principles of direct and indirect carbonation. The review synthesizes developments in three research domains—geological minerals, cement concrete, and industrial solid waste—and introduces several representative engineering demonstration projects. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges faced at the scientific, technological, and application levels and proposes future directions for the development of CO2 mineral carbonation technology. This review aims to provide a comprehensive reference for future research, fostering the continued innovation and commercialization of CO2 mineral carbonation.