# Long-read sequencing disentangles isoform complexity at allele-specific loci

## TL;DR

Long-read sequencing helps understand complex gene isoforms by distinguishing between alleles, offering new insights into gene regulation.

## Contribution

A workflow combining PacBio Iso-Seq and WhatsHap enables allele-specific isoform analysis in polymorphic hybrids.

## Key findings

- Long-read sequencing confirmed imprinting status of known imprinted genes in F1 mouse hybrids.
- The Gnas locus's complex isoform structure was benchmarked using long-read data.
- Isoforms from both active and inactive X chromosomes were detected for genes escaping X inactivation.

## Abstract

In recent years, long-read sequencing technologies have detected transcript isoforms with unprecedented accuracy and resolution. However, it remains unclear whether long-read sequencing can effectively disentangle the isoform landscape of complex allele-specific loci that arise from genetic or epigenetic differences between alleles. Here, we combine the PacBio Iso-Seq workflow with the established phasing approach WhatsHap to assign long reads to the corresponding allele in polymorphic F1 mouse hybrids. Upon comparing the long-read sequencing results with matched short reads, we observed general consistency in the allele-specific information and were able to confirm the imprinting status of known imprinted genes. We then explored the complex imprinted Gnas locus known for allele-specific non-coding and coding isoforms and were able to benchmark historical observations. This approach also allowed us to detect isoforms from both the active and inactive X chromosomes of genes that escape X chromosome inactivation. The described workflow offers a promising framework and demonstrates the power of long-read transcriptomic data to provide mechanistic insight into complex allele-specific loci.