# Connectivity and nutrient enrichment affect the productivity and stability of aquatic meta-ecosystems

## TL;DR

This study shows how water flow and nutrient levels together affect the productivity and stability of pond ecosystems.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a novel mesocosm experiment to study the combined effects of connectivity and nutrient enrichment on aquatic meta-ecosystems.

## Key findings

- Connectivity increased phytoplankton biomass in highly nutrient-enriched systems.
- Connectivity and nutrient enrichment both promoted spatial homogeneity of phytoplankton.
- Intermediate connectivity boosted zooplankton biomass, but this was reduced with nutrient enrichment.

## Abstract

Despite major human impacts on aquatic connectivity (e.g. channelization, damming) and on nutrient inputs (e.g. agriculture, sewage), empirical studies on the combined impacts of these effects are rare. To better understand the interactive role of connectivity and nutrient enrichment in shaping meta-ecosystem stability, we set up a mesocosm experiment mimicking a minimal meta-ecosystem composed of two ponds (upstream and downstream). The upstream pond received varying water volumes from a mesotrophic lake (ranging from 0% to 40% mesocosm volume per week) and five levels of nutrient enrichment (phosphorus and nitrogen). The experiment featured a fractional factorial design, with 13 unique treatment combinations monitored over 14.5 weeks. We found that connectivity increased phytoplankton biomass in highly nutrient-enriched meta-ecosystems, that connectivity and nutrient enrichment independently promoted synchrony and spatial homogeneity of phytoplankton biomass within meta-ecosystems and that our treatments did not influence temporal stability beyond the initial nutrient-induced biomass increase. Furthermore, while intermediate levels of connectivity stimulated zooplankton biomass and diversity, the increase was counteracted with nutrient enrichment. We conclude that increased ecosystem connectivity is likely to exacerbate the negative effects of nutrient enrichment on freshwater meta-ecosystems across watersheds while homogenizing temporal population dynamics.