# Safety and efficacy of transurethral laser lithotripsy and percutaneous laser lithotripsy in 41 dogs with lower urinary tract stones

## TL;DR

This study shows that combining two laser procedures can safely and effectively remove urinary stones in dogs, even when one method alone isn't possible.

## Contribution

Demonstrates the combined use of TUL and PL as a safe and effective alternative for dogs with urinary stones when TUL alone is not feasible.

## Key findings

- TUL was successful in 94.1% of cases where it was attempted.
- PL was 100% successful in all cases where it was used.
- Combining TUL and PL provided a safe solution for dogs with limitations in weight or stone size.

## Abstract

The clinical application of transurethral laser lithotripsy (TUL) for lower urinary tract stone removal in dogs is constrained by factors such as body weight, stone size, and stone number. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of TUL and percutaneous laser lithotripsy (PL) in cases where TUL alone was not feasible.

Retrospective study.

Forty-one dogs (24 males, 17 females) were included between June 15, 2017, and January 26, 2023. Among them, 13 males were castrated and 14 females spayed.

TUL was performed using a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser, an 8.5Fr flexible ureteroscope, and a 9.5Fr rigid cystoscope for urethral and bladder stone fragmentation. PL was conducted using a Ho:YAG laser in combination with percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL).

TUL was performed in 34 dogs, including 22 males (64.7%) and 12 females (35.2%). Laser lithotripsy was categorized by endoscope type and stone location. Of these, 33 dogs (94.1%) completed the procedure, while one male (2.9%) required conversion due to excessive bleeding. PL was performed in seven dogs (two males, 28.5%; five females, 71.4%), all of whom (100%) completed the procedure without conversion. Complications from laser lithotripsy occurred in five males (12.1%) of 41 dogs.

TUL is a minimally invasive urethral procedure, but its feasibility is limited in underweight dogs where endoscope insertion is impractical.

When TUL alone is unviable, combining it with PL provides a safe and effective laser lithotripsy approach for bladder and urethral stones, regardless of the dog's weight or sex.