# Metabolome-driven microbiome assembly in ginger (Zingiber officinale) enhances nutrient cycling and crop yield through keystone taxa

## TL;DR

A high-yield ginger cultivar changes its metabolism to attract beneficial microbes, improving nutrient cycling and crop yield.

## Contribution

Linking host metabolites to microbiome assembly and yield in field-grown ginger, identifying keystone taxa and metabolic drivers.

## Key findings

- High-yield ginger has more complex microbial networks and keystone taxa like Talaromyces and Devosia.
- Host metabolites like Niazimin A correlate strongly with nitrogen-fixing microbes, while Oxindole correlates negatively.
- Metabolomic shifts in high-yield ginger suggest co-regulation of microbiome structure and nutrient cycling.

## Abstract

Plant microbiomes shape crop performance, but the mechanisms by which host-derived metabolites influence the recruitment and organisation of beneficial microbes—and how these affect crop yield—remain poorly understood. Few studies have linked multi-kingdom microbiome structure, metabolite profiles, and agronomic traits under field conditions. We integrated 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing with untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics across 36 samples from two Zingiber officinale (ginger) cultivars with contrasting yields. Bacterial communities were primarily shaped by stochastic processes (neutral model R² = 0.67–0.68), while fungal assembly was deterministic (βNTI < –2 in roots and rhizomes). The high-yield cultivar exhibited more complex co-occurrence networks (596 vs. 272 edges) and enrichment of keystone taxa, including Talaromyces and Devosia. Metabolomic profiling identified 586 unique compounds, with 24 enriched pathways in the high-yield cultivar, notably isoflavonoid biosynthesis and folate metabolism. Key host metabolites—Niazimin A and 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid—showed strong positive correlations (r > 0.75, P < 0.01) with nitrogen-fixing and growth-promoting microbes, whereas Oxindole correlated negatively. These findings suggest that host metabolic shifts and keystone microbes co-regulate microbiome structure and nutrient cycling. Our results provide mechanistic insight into microbiome-mediated yield differences and a basis for microbiome-informed crop design.

Metabolomic reprogramming in a high-yield ginger cultivar shapes microbiome assembly, enriching keystone taxa like Devosia and Talaromyces, which enhance nutrient cycling and yield, offering a basis for microbiome-informed crop design.