# Development of a patient-specific epicardial guide for ventricular tachycardia ablation surgery using high-consistency rubber silicone molding

## TL;DR

This paper presents a new method to create patient-specific guides for heart surgery using silicone, improving the precision and efficiency of ablation procedures for ventricular tachycardia.

## Contribution

The study introduces high-consistency rubber silicone molding as a novel, cost-effective technique for fabricating customized epicardial ablation guides.

## Key findings

- HCR silicone guides with 2.1–3.0 mm thickness and 70 Shore A hardness provided optimal flexibility and rigidity for use on a beating heart.
- The guides withstood sterilization and ablation procedures without deformation or structural compromise.
- The method minimizes reliance on a full electrophysiology team during the procedure.

## Abstract

Concomitant epicardial ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) remains a clinical challenge in cardiac surgery due to the need for intra-operative mapping. A preoperative patient-tailored epicardial guide could provide an intraoperative ‘blueprint’ of arrhythmogenic target substrate, thereby facilitating the workflow. Thus far, no 3D printing material or technique has fully met the requirements for this application. This study explores the feasibility of high-consistency rubber (HCR) silicone molding to produce low-cost, customized guides for VT scar ablation.

An inverted mold was created in Meshmixer using merged LGE–CMR and cardiac CT images of a 61-year-old VT patient, and printed using fused deposition modeling. HCR silicone was milled, sculpted, and trimmed to fit the negative mold. The guide was cured, subjected to autoclaving, and bench-tested on an ex vivo porcine heart model using radiofrequency and cryo-ablation. Various durometers and thicknesses were tested to determine the optimal fit for our application.

Five surgical guides were made using NuSil™ MED-4072 and MED-4080 silicone (thickness range: 2.0–3.4 mm). Models with 2.1–3.0 mm thickness and 70 Shore A hardness achieved the best balance between flexibility and rigidity for application on a beating heart. The thinnest model (2.0 mm) was too pliable for stable placement. The guides withstood autoclaving and ablation procedures (radiofrequency; cryo-energy) without deformation or compromising structural integrity.

The HCR silicone molding technique allows for the production of flexible, cost-effective epicardial guides for VT ablation, minimizing the need for a full electrophysiology team throughout the entire procedure.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12938-025-01435-z.