# Quercetin‐Loaded Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles Modulate Inflammatory Gene Expression and Enhance Cell Migration In Vitro

## TL;DR

This study shows that quercetin loaded onto graphene oxide improves wound healing by reducing inflammation, boosting cell movement, and fighting bacteria.

## Contribution

The novel use of quercetin-loaded graphene oxide for wound healing with combined anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cell migration-enhancing effects.

## Key findings

- Quercetin-loaded GO significantly enhances wound closure compared to GO or quercetin alone.
- The nanocomposite reduces expression of inflammatory genes like NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α.
- Quercetin release is pH-sensitive, with higher release at pH 8.5 than pH 7.4.

## Abstract

Quercetin, a plant‐derived flavonoid, shows promising wound‐healing properties due to its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. However, its limited water solubility limits its use. This study aims to enhance quercetin's efficacy by loading it onto graphene oxide (GO) and evaluating its in vitro effects for wound healing. GO is synthesized and quercetin is loaded onto its surface. Cytotoxicity of GO, quercetin, and quercetin‐loaded GO on human foreskin fibroblasts is determined. The expression levels of genes NF‐κB, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α are measured using qPCR. Wound healing is assessed via a scratch assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and maximum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of GO and quercetin‐loaded GO against E. coli and S. aureus are determined. Results show quercetin release is higher at pH 8.5 (59%) compared to pH 7.4 (40%). Cytotoxicity studies indicate that quercetin‐loaded GO enhances biocompatibility. The scratch assay shows a significantly higher wound closure rate in the quercetin‐loaded GO group after 48 h, than GO and quercetin alone (p < 0.05). Additionally, quercetin‐loaded GO exhibits antibacterial activity with MIC values of 4.8 μg mL−1 for both bacteria. These findings suggest that quercetin‐loaded GO is a promising candidate for wound healing.

Herein, quercetin is loaded onto graphene oxide, and its biological properties are evaluated in vitro. The results show that the graphene oxide/quercetin nanocomposite reduces the expression of inflammation‐related genes and enhances fibroblast cell migration. Additionally, it exhibits antibacterial properties. Furthermore, the release of quercetin is pH‐sensitive. These factors can contribute to accelerating the wound healing process.© 2025 WILEY‐VCH GmbH