# Nonverbal Rationality? 2‐Year‐Old Children, Dogs, and Pigs Show Unselective Responses to Unreliability but to Different Degrees

## TL;DR

This study explores whether nonverbal children, dogs, and pigs can recognize unreliable information sources, finding that they respond to uncertainty but not in a selective way.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel cross-species comparison of nonverbal rationality in young children, dogs, and pigs.

## Key findings

- Subjects did not distinguish between reliable and unreliable informants in their initial responses.
- Reduced following in later trials suggests a response to uncertainty or an undermining defeater.
- Children, dogs, and pigs showed similar but not identical patterns of response to unreliability.

## Abstract

Some philosophers argue that reflection is key to rational thinking. By tying reflective thinking to language, they struggle to account for minimally verbal infants and exclude nonhuman animals. This study assessed processing of undermining defeaters—a basic form of reflective thinking—in 36 two‐year‐old British children (13 female; M
age = 30.4 months, 98% White), 39 dogs (18 female), and 21 pigs (9 female), tested between 2022 and 2023. Informants acted on two screens: one informant reliably indicated a rewarded location; the other informant did not. Informants switched actions twice, prompting subjects to infer their reliability. Willingness to follow informants' indications did not differ between reliable and unreliable informants. However, reduced following in later trials suggests a response to uncertainty or an undermining defeater.