# Prognostication of Mental Health Risk Clusters on Hospitalization and Mortality in Patients With Coexisting Diabetes and Kidney Failure: The Hidden Burden of Loneliness

## TL;DR

The study finds that loneliness and emotional distress in patients with diabetes and kidney failure increase hospitalization risks, highlighting the need for psychosocial screening in clinical care.

## Contribution

The study identifies loneliness as a distinct risk cluster, separate from depression and anxiety, and shows its impact on hospitalization through poor self-care.

## Key findings

- Three psychosocial profiles—resilient, lonely, and overwhelmed—were identified among patients with diabetes and kidney failure.
- Lonely and overwhelmed patients had higher hospitalization rates and days compared to the resilient group.
- Poor diabetes self-care partially explained the increased hospitalization in lonely patients.

## Abstract

Individuals with comorbid diabetes and kidney failure have poor clinical prognosis, often aggravated by psychological distress. Identifying individuals most at risk is crucial to improving service provision. This study aimed to identify psychosocial profiles in patients with diabetes and kidney failure, model their prognostic effects on hospitalization and mortality, and explore underlying mechanisms linking psychosocial health to clinical outcomes.

Prospective cohort study.

A total of 221 participants with coexisting diabetes and kidney failure (median age: 59 years, 60.6% men) receiving hemodialysis were recruited from the National Kidney Foundation Singapore’s dialysis centers.

Depression, anxiety, loneliness, and hopelessness alongside self-care indicators were measured using validated self-reported scales.

All-cause hospitalization and mortality were ascertained from medical records.

Latent profile analysis was used to identify psychosocial profiles. Associations of sociodemographic, clinical factors and psychosocial profiles with clinical endpoints were modeled with Negative binomial and Cox regressions (mean = 21.8 months). Casual mediation analyses modeled self-care as mediator.

Three psychosocial profiles emerged: resilient (37.6%; all below cutoffs), overwhelmed (30.3%; above cutoffs), and lonely (32.1%; above cutoff for loneliness only). The lonely group was more socioeconomically disadvantaged relative to the resilient group. The lonely and overwhelmed groups had increased hospitalization rates and more hospitalization days than the resilient group (incident risk ratio [IRR] range, 1.50-1.82; P < 0.05). No association with mortality was found. Better diabetes self-care and nutrition quality-of-life also predicted hospitalization (IRR range, 0.94-0.97; P < 0.05) and mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.93 and 0.96). Mediation analysis indicated that diabetes self-care activities accounted for 18% of the associations between the lonely profile and hospitalization days.

Geographic generalizability of participants and sample size.

Interconnected psychosocial burdens significantly affect disease management and hospitalization risk in patients with diabetes and kidney failure. Integrating psychosocial screening and interventions into clinical practice, particularly addressing loneliness and not just depression and anxiety, may be crucial.

Patients with coexisting diabetes and kidney failure often struggle with emotional distress and complex treatments. Although depression and anxiety receive attention, loneliness and hopelessness are often overlooked. Our study explored how these psychosocial factors combine to affect self-care and clinical outcomes. We identified 3 distinct groups: resilient (low distress), lonely (high loneliness), and overwhelmed (severe distress). Both the lonely and overwhelmed groups showed significantly higher hospitalization rates than the resilient group. Poor diabetes self-care partly explained why lonely patients were hospitalized more often. These results emphasize the importance of screening for loneliness alongside traditional mental health concerns in kidney care. Targeted interventions to enhance self-management and social connections may improve outcomes for these vulnerable patients.