# Biodiversity Buffers Phytoplankton Biomass Production Against Nanoparticle Pollution Through Increased Facilitation

## TL;DR

Biodiversity helps protect phytoplankton from nanoparticle pollution by enabling species to support each other, maintaining productivity even under stress.

## Contribution

The study reveals that biodiversity buffers phytoplankton against nanoparticle pollution through increased facilitative interactions.

## Key findings

- Diverse phytoplankton communities maintain biomass despite nanoparticle exposure.
- Facilitative interactions among species increase under nanoparticle stress.
- Biodiversity amplifies ecosystem resilience to emerging pollutants.

## Abstract

Although biodiversity is widely recognised for its role in maintaining ecosystem functioning under environmental change, its importance has received relatively little attention in the context of emerging environmental stressors such as nanoparticles. By assembling phytoplankton communities across a gradient of species richness and exposing them to varying concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles, we experimentally explored how biodiversity modulates ecosystem functioning under nanoparticle exposure. We found that the positive effect of biodiversity on phytoplankton biomass production was amplified at higher nanoparticle concentrations, allowing diverse communities to maintain biomass despite strong inhibitory effects of nanoparticles on monocultures. This enhanced biodiversity effect was primarily driven by increased complementarity, specifically through more frequent facilitative interactions among species under nanoparticle stress. Our findings advance the understanding of how biodiversity preserves ecosystem functioning and underscore its role in mitigating the impacts of emerging anthropogenic stressors.

Biodiversity can buffer ecosystems against environmental stressors, yet its role under nanoparticle pollution remains unclear. Using freshwater phytoplankton communities exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles, we show that higher species richness alleviates productivity losses through increased facilitation among species. These findings highlight biodiversity's importance in sustaining ecosystem functioning under emerging contaminants.