# Automated vortex-assisted-liquid-liquid microextraction with injector-based derivatization for GC-MS/MS analysis of 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol and 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in food contact paper products

## TL;DR

This paper introduces an automated method to detect harmful chemicals in food contact paper products, improving precision and environmental sustainability.

## Contribution

A novel automated analytical method using vortex-assisted extraction and derivatization for detecting 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD in paper products.

## Key findings

- The method achieved low detection limits of 0.01 µg/L for 1,3-DCP and 0.16 µg/L for 3-MCPD.
- Recoveries were between 90-102% for both compounds, with good intra- and inter-day precision.
- The method showed improved environmental performance compared to traditional approaches.

## Abstract

The analysis of 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP) and 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in paper products and cardboard boxes used as food contact materials is of great importance due to the potential health risks associated with the intake of these contaminants. Both compounds, which originate from wet strength agents used in paper production, pose significant health concerns: 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD are classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans and suspected to be carcinogenic in humans, respectively. This study presents a novel, automated analytical method for the analysis of a cold water extract—a widely used procedure for isolating these analytes from paper products and cardboard boxes. Method development included the implementation of vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) with a focus on reducing solvent consumption and improving environmental sustainability and the systematic investigation of derivatization techniques. Optimization of the extraction solvent, extraction time, and derivatization parameters using vial-based and injector-based approaches resulted in a lean and rapid method with low limits of detection (0.01 µg/L for 1,3-DCP and 0.16 µg/L for 3-MCPD). The method showed good precision with intra-day repeatabilities of 3.6–3.7% for 1,3-DCP and 3.6–5.9% for 3-MCPD and inter-day repeatabilities of 2.6–3.6% and 4.0–7.6%, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 100 to 102% for 1,3-DCP and from 90 to 99% for 3-MCPD. Comparative assessment with a reference method confirmed good precision and comparability of the method. Improved environmental performance was quantified by the analytical greenness metric for sample preparation.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00216-025-06133-2.