# Prognostic evaluation of glycolysis markers in hepatocellular carcinoma: insights from meta-analysis and multi-omics approaches

## TL;DR

This study shows that high glycolysis gene activity is linked to worse outcomes in liver cancer patients, suggesting it could be a useful biomarker for prognosis and treatment.

## Contribution

The study provides a meta-analysis and multi-omics validation of glycolysis gene signatures as a prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma.

## Key findings

- High glycolysis gene signature scores are associated with poor overall, disease-free, and relapse-free survival in HCC patients.
- ENO1 was functionally validated as a key gene contributing to HCC progression.
- Bioinformatics and in vitro experiments confirmed the relevance of glycolysis gene signatures in HCC prognosis.

## Abstract

Glycolysis, a central process of cellular energy metabolism, has been shown to be closely associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the glycolysis gene set (GGS) in HCC.

Online databases were searched to identify studies on the correlation between glycolysis-related gene signature score and clinical characteristics in patients with HCC. HR and OR values with 95% CI were calculated. Bioinformatics analysis and in vitro validation were used to validate the results of the meta-analysis and investigate the potential oncogenic mechanisms of GGS.

Nineteen studies involving 3,406 patients were included. The pooled analysis showed that a high glycolysis-related gene signature score was associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.59–2.46, P < 0.001), disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.54–2.64, P < 0.001), and relapse-free survival (RFS) (HR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.39–4.08, P = 0.002). Bioinformatic and in vitro experiments confirmed the prognostic relevance and differential expression of GGS in HCC, and functional assays of ENO1 further demonstrated its role in HCC progression.

The upregulation of the glycolysis-related gene signature score is predominantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC, suggesting that GGS may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC, as exemplified by ENO1 functional validation.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-025-02253-x.