# Assessing the Longitudinal outcomes of Piperacillin/tazobactam versus ceftriAxone and metronidazole for Children with perforated Appendicitis (ALPACA): A protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial

## TL;DR

This pilot study will compare two antibiotic treatments for children with perforated appendicitis to determine which is more effective and feasible for future large-scale trials.

## Contribution

The study introduces a double-blind, randomized pilot trial design to assess postoperative antibiotic regimens for perforated appendicitis in children.

## Key findings

- The pilot will assess recruitment rates and protocol adherence for a blinded trial in this patient population.
- Results will guide the design of a larger multicenter study with rigorous blinding and standardized assessments.
- The study addresses methodological limitations of previous single-center trials on this topic.

## Abstract

Acute appendicitis is the most common indication for emergency surgery in children. In cases of perforation, patients require post-operative intravenous antibiotics in hospital. However, some children fail to respond adequately, resulting in prolonged hospitalization. The optimal antibiotic regimen for perforated appendicitis remains uncertain.

We propose a double-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial comparing two commonly used antibiotic strategies. Eligible participants include children <18 years undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy for perforated appendicitis. Following surgery, participants will be randomized to receive either: (1) piperacillin/tazobactam; or (2) ceftriaxone and metronidazole. The sample size for the pilot study is 16 participants (i.e., 8 per group). Feasibility outcomes include recruitment rate, protocol adherence, loss to follow-up, and cost per participant.

This pilot study will assess the feasibility of conducting a blinded randomized controlled trial of postoperative antibiotic therapy in children with perforated appendicitis. To date, only one randomized trial has addressed this question, but it was limited by its single-center design, lack of blinding, and susceptibility to ascertainment bias and other methodological concerns. Findings from this pilot will inform the design of a larger, multicenter study with rigorous blinding and standardized outcome assessment to determine whether piperacillin-tazobactam or ceftriaxone and metronidazole provides superior outcomes.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05943223