# Recent advances in intestinal helminth parasites of horses in the Asia-Pacific region: Current trends, challenges and future directions

## TL;DR

This review summarizes progress and challenges in managing horse intestinal parasites in the Asia-Pacific region, highlighting the need for better diagnostics, sustainable control strategies, and climate-specific approaches.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent advances and challenges in equine parasite control in the Asia-Pacific region, emphasizing the need for targeted treatment and climate-specific protocols.

## Key findings

- Significant regional variation in parasite prevalence and cyathostomin populations is influenced by climate.
- Resistance to anthelmintics is emerging in key parasites like Parascaris and cyathostomins.
- Australia's first national guidelines recommend targeted treatments, but their effectiveness needs ongoing evaluation.

## Abstract

Over the past 25 years, significant progress has been made in understanding and managing equine gastrointestinal parasites in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly in Australia and New Zealand. This review synthesises current knowledge of the epidemiology, diagnostic methods, anthelmintic resistance (AR), and control strategies for major equine intestinal parasites, including cyathostomins, Parascaris spp., Anoplocephala perfoliata, and Strongyloides westeri. Recent studies highlight substantial regional variation in parasite prevalence, egg shedding and cyathostomin population composition, shaped by diverse climatic conditions. Of increasing concern is the emergence of resistance to commonly used anthelmintics which is now evident in both Parascaris and cyathostomins, although data for S. westeri and A. perfoliata remain limited. High-throughput molecular diagnostics, such as next-generation sequencing, have advanced species-level characterisation in Australia and Thailand. ELISA-based tests for A. perfoliata and encysted cyathostomins are promising but remain unvalidated and underutilised regionally. The routine use of combination anthelmintics, including benzimidazoles, praziquantel, pyrimidines, and macrocyclic lactones, may accelerate resistance across nematode and cestode populations, emphasising the need for regular efficacy monitoring and improved antiparasitic stewardship. Findings from recent research on horse parasites in Australia have informed the development of country's first national equine parasite control guidelines which recommend targeted or selective treatment strategies. However, the effectiveness of these strategies requires ongoing evaluation, particularly in year-round grazing systems in tropical and subtropical regions. Sustainable parasite control will depend on the integration of non-chemical strategies along with the use of anthelmintics and the establishment of a national parasite surveillance database. This review highlights the need for climate-specific treatment protocols, strengthened collaborative research infrastructure, and continued investment in innovative diagnostic and control methods to preserve equine health and anthelmintic efficacy across the region.

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•The review provides a comprehensive overview of equine intestinal helminths in the Asia-Pacific region.•Australia's first national equine parasite control guidelines promote targeted selective treatments.•While research has advanced on cyathostomins and Parascaris species, Anoplocephala perfoliata remains unexplored.•Surveillance, integrated farm-specific strategies are key to parasites and drug resistance control.•Studies on the impact of climate on parasite transmission dynamics are urgently needed.

The review provides a comprehensive overview of equine intestinal helminths in the Asia-Pacific region.

Australia's first national equine parasite control guidelines promote targeted selective treatments.

While research has advanced on cyathostomins and Parascaris species, Anoplocephala perfoliata remains unexplored.

Surveillance, integrated farm-specific strategies are key to parasites and drug resistance control.

Studies on the impact of climate on parasite transmission dynamics are urgently needed.