# The Effectiveness of a Cover-Copy-Compare App for Developing Secondary School Students’ Mathematical Procedural Fluency with Straight-Line Graphs

## TL;DR

A new app using the cover-copy-compare method helps secondary students learn math procedures better than traditional exercises.

## Contribution

Demonstrates the effectiveness of a CCC app for improving procedural fluency in secondary school math.

## Key findings

- Students using the CCC app showed greater improvement in procedural fluency than those using a standard app.
- The CCC method is applicable to complex, multi-step mathematical procedures in secondary education.

## Abstract

Cover-copy-compare (CCC) is a simple, self-managed process that enables students to develop fluency in important facts and procedures through modelling, practice and corrective feedback. CCC has been studied at primary-school-level mathematics, but not with the complex, multi-step kinds of procedures used at secondary school (age 11 and above). This paper reports on a randomised controlled trial involving 224 students (ages 14–16) comparing a novel CCC app to a non-CCC app. Both apps used similar technological environments to teach students how to find the equation of a straight line given two points. We found that students using the CCC app improved their procedural fluency more than those completing standard exercises did. We conclude that CCC has the potential to be used in secondary education and offer suggestions for future research.