# The dynamic epigenetic atlas and its effects on instability of starch and seed storage protein quality traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

## TL;DR

This study explores how environmental factors affect wheat grain quality through epigenetic changes, particularly histone modifications, influencing starch and protein traits.

## Contribution

The research introduces a dynamic epigenetic atlas linking environmental variation to changes in histone modifications and gene expression in wheat.

## Key findings

- Environmental variation triggers extensive epigenetic reprogramming in wheat.
- H3K27ac enrichment is a key epigenetic signature linked to transcriptional divergence of starch and SSP genes.
- 86 essential transcription factors regulate 9,250 target genes in response to environmental changes.

## Abstract

Environmental factors significantly influence wheat grain quality by modulating starch biosynthesis and seed storage protein (SSP) composition, yet the underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we performed an integrated multi-omics analysis on the wheat cultivar ‘Fengdecunmai 5’ cultivated in two contrasting environments using WGBS, ChIP-seq (H3K27ac/H3K27me3), and RNA-seq. Epigenomic profiling revealed that environmental variation triggers extensive epigenetic reprogramming, with changes in H3K27ac enrichment being a primary epigenetic signature associated with the transcriptional divergence of starch and SSP biosynthesis genes during early development. Reconstruction of the transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) identified 86 essential transcription factors (TFs) that regulate 9,250 target genes in response to environmental impact. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular basis of wheat quality instability across environments from an epigenetic perspective and highlight the critical role of histone modifications in regulating wheat seed quality.