# Optimizing artificial insemination in goats: semen deposition site and vaginal mucus characteristics as predictive biomarkers

## TL;DR

This study identifies optimal semen deposition sites and vaginal mucus conditions to improve artificial insemination success in goats.

## Contribution

The study introduces semen deposition site and vaginal mucus characteristics as predictive biomarkers for successful goat AI.

## Key findings

- Semen deposited in the uterine body with cloudy mucus achieved the highest pregnancy rate (55.9%).
- Pregnant goats had lower mucus conductivity, higher pH, and elevated temperature compared to non-pregnant goats.
- Vaginal mucus type and semen placement significantly affect pregnancy and litter size outcomes.

## Abstract

Artificial insemination (AI) is a critical tool for genetic improvement and fertility management in goats. This study examined the effects of semen deposition site (uterine body, cervix, vagina) and vaginal mucus type (cloudy, turbid, clear) on pregnancy rate, kidding rate, and average litter size in 300 CIDR-synchronized Alpine does in southern Taiwan. Semen deposited in the uterine body combined with cloudy mucus yielded the highest pregnancy rate (55.9%), while vaginal deposition with clear mucus resulted in the lowest (30.7%). Two-way ANOVA showed significant main effects and interactions for pregnancy rate and average litter size (p < 0.05), but no significant effect on kidding rate. Pregnant does exhibited lower vaginal mucus electrical conductivity, higher pH, and elevated temperature compared to non-pregnant does, suggesting these parameters as potential biomarkers for estrus detection. Findings highlight the importance of precise semen placement and optimal mucus condition for improving AI protocols in goats.