# Genomic insights into the ecological versatility of Tetracladium spp

## TL;DR

This study explores the genomes of two Tetracladium fungi species to understand their ecological roles and metabolic capabilities.

## Contribution

The paper provides the first sequenced genomes of Tetracladium spp., revealing insights into their ecological versatility.

## Key findings

- Both Tetracladium genomes have full enzymatic machinery for cellulose and plant cell wall degradation.
- The fungi lack enzymes for lignin degradation but have chitin-degrading enzymes, suggesting interactions with other fungi.
- Secondary metabolite gene clusters suggest potential for bioactive compound production.

## Abstract

Tetracladium spp. represent a group of fungi that inhabit various ecological niches, including soil and aquatic environments, where they are considered to have a saprotrophic lifestyle and within plant roots as endophytes. To date, a lack of sequenced Tetracladium spp. genomes has inhibited our understanding of their metabolic potential and ecological interactions. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the genetic differences between aquatic saprotrophic and endophytic strains of Tetracladium spp. by sequencing and analysing the genomes of T. maxilliforme (isolated from Brassica napus roots) and T. marchalianum (isolated from freshwater), alongside 41 publicly available saprotrophic and endophytic Ascomycetes.

Genomic sequencing revealed that T. maxilliforme possesses a genome size of 35.5 Mbp with 9657 predicted genes, while T. marchalianum has a genome size of 33.2 Mbp with 15,230 predicted genes. Our analyses primarily focused on carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Both genomes possessed the full range of enzymatic machinery for cellulose degradation, as well as the complete repertoire of genes necessary to degrade plant cell walls. Notably, the genomes lacked essential enzymes for lignin degradation or modification. Furthermore, we observed a complete repertoire of known fungal chitin-degrading enzymes in both genomes, which might be related to potential interactions with other fungi. Enzyme composition profiles revealed distinct groupings, with T. maxilliforme primarily clustering with endophytic or ecologically versatile species, while T. marchalianum was predominantly associated with saprotrophic species. We also identified secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters in both genomes, including several that showed high homology to those of known bioactive compounds.

In summary, our findings offer valuable insights into the genomic adaptations of Tetracladium spp. to various ecological niches, highlighting their enzymatic capabilities for carbohydrate degradation and potential interactions within fungal communities.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-025-12146-z.