# First detection of rabies virus in encephalitic goats (Capra hircus) from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: a case study report

## TL;DR

This paper reports the first detection of rabies virus in goats in Sarawak, Malaysia, highlighting the risk of rabies transmission from dogs to non-canid species.

## Contribution

The study provides the first documented evidence of rabies in goats in Sarawak, linking it to a rabid dog and emphasizing the need for improved surveillance.

## Key findings

- Rabies virus was confirmed in two goats showing neurological symptoms and linked to a rabid dog.
- Phylogenetic analysis showed the virus was closely related to dog-associated rabies isolates in Sarawak.
- The findings suggest a persistent rabies transmission cycle involving dogs and other mammals in the region.

## Abstract

Effective surveillance is essential for detecting rabies virus (RABV) spillover into non-canid mammalian species, which represents an emerging concern for public and veterinary health. This report describes the first documented cases of dog associated rabies in goats in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia, highlighting the critical implications for veterinary and public health.

Two goats were reported to exhibit clinical signs consistent with rabies, including recumbency, hypersalivation, stiffness, dehydration, and episodes of pedalling movements and opisthotonos. Both animals experienced rapid clinical deterioration, leading to their death. The epidemiological investigation found that they had been in contact with a domestic dog displaying neurological signs consistent with rabies and no evidence of rabies vaccination. However, laboratory confirmation of RABV was not possible due to the advanced decomposition of the dog carcass. The rapid immunochromatographic diagnostic test (RIDT) and Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT) analyses confirmed the presence of RABV antigen in the brain tissues of both goats. Phylogenetic analysis of RABV sequences obtained from the brain tissue by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) revealed that the isolates were closely related to previous dog-associated RABV isolates from Sarawak. These findings support the diagnosis and suggest a likely transmission link to the suspected rabid dog present on the farm.

This study underscores the critical need for enhanced rabies control strategies, including widespread vaccination of dogs and rigorous surveillance. The genetic similarity between the RABV detected in goats and those previously detected in dogs and cats in Sarawak suggests a persistent rabies transmission cycle in the region. As such, ongoing surveillance and preventive efforts remain essential to prevent outbreaks and protect both animal and human health.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-025-05110-2.