# Thermomechanical biorefining of Pinus radiata biomass to produce biochemicals using reactive extrusion

## TL;DR

This study shows how reactive extrusion can quickly convert Pinus radiata sawdust into valuable biochemicals, offering a faster and continuous method for biorefining.

## Contribution

The study introduces reactive extrusion as a novel, continuous method for depolymerizing sawdust into biochemicals with short processing times.

## Key findings

- Reactive extrusion can recover 6.5–7.5% biochemicals from sawdust in under two minutes.
- High moisture content and kneading elements in the screw design were critical for biochemical yield.
- Acetic acid and methanol were the most abundant biochemicals produced, with furanic content increasing at higher temperatures.

## Abstract

Currently, ca. 30 million m3 of Pinus radiata are harvested annually in New Zealand to produce timber, pulp and paper, with by-products such as bark and sawdust generated during processing. The most common use for sawdust is as a solid fuel for process heat. However, it is a feedstock that can be processed into platform biochemicals. Although conversion processes focusing on biochemical production from wood are scarce, they are becoming more commercially established. Here, reactive extrusion was explored as a continuous, fast method to depolymerise sawdust into soluble biochemicals with residence times of less than two minutes. This is substantially shorter than other biotechnology routes or conventional batch processing and highlights the potential for integration of reactive extrusion into biorefinery operations. While conventional wood extrusion focused on the solid fraction, this work extensively investigated the liquid biochemical profile. The effects of temperature, moisture content, screw speed, and screw design on the biochemical yield from sawdust were studied. The results indicated that kneading elements in the screw design were key to achieving good processing of the sawdust. A high moisture content of 50% (by weight) was instrumental in the isolation of biochemicals. Moreover, the screw speed had little to no effect on the biochemical composition obtained from the reactive extrusion process. Finally, a maximum of 6.5–7.5% of biochemicals were recovered from sawdust in the liquid phase when processed between 325 °C and 375 °C. The biochemical analyses of the liquor showed a high amount of acetic acid (up to 7913 mg/L) and methanol (up to 2277 mg/L). Furthermore, the furanic content increased with an increase in temperature between 275 °C and 375 °C, while an inverse trend was observed for aromatic phenols. The analyses also revealed that lignin and hemicellulose were depolymerised to produce oligomeric and monomeric breakdown products, while cellulose was untouched. This study successfully demonstrated the successful use of a twin-screw reactive extruder to continuously produce a biochemical-rich liquor from sawdust.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40643-025-00971-9.