# Environmental heterogeneity plays a bigger role than diet quality in driving divergent California sea lion population trends

## TL;DR

California sea lion populations are increasing globally, but regional trends differ, and environmental factors seem more important than diet quality in explaining these differences.

## Contribution

The study reveals that environmental variability and prey composition, rather than diet quality, drive divergent sea lion population trends.

## Key findings

- Diet energy density was similar between the Gulf of California and Channel Islands, but diet diversity was much higher in the Gulf.
- GoC sea lions consumed more benthic prey during a heatwave, which lowered their diet energy density.
- Population trends were influenced by complex ecological factors beyond diet quality, including environmental variability.

## Abstract

While the global population of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) is increasing, regional trends show a decline in the Gulf of California (GoC, Mexico) and an increase in the Channel Islands (CI, U.S.) over the last 40 years. The drivers of these divergent trends remain unclear, but previous pinniped studies suggest that differences in diet quality—rather than prey abundance—may play a role. We therefore examined how California sea lion population trajectories relate to diet quality, specifically looking at diet energy density and diet diversity. Using population and diet data from 1980 to 2020 for sea lions in the GoC and CI, we found no simple relationships between population trajectories and diet quality over time at either the local or regional level. Energy densities of sea lion diets were similar between the two regions, but GoC sea lions consumed a more diverse range of prey (n = 88 vs. 23 main prey taxa) dominated by benthic species and schooling fishes, while CI diets consisted mainly of schooling fishes and squid. We also found that GoC sea lions ate more benthic prey and less schooling fish during the 2014–2016 heatwave—decreasing their overall diet energy density. This shift coincided with a temporary population decline in the CI but had variable effects on GoC populations. Overall, our findings suggest that regional population trends are influenced by complex ecological factors beyond diet quality alone, highlighting the need to consider environmental variability and prey composition when assessing the resilience of sea lion populations to climate-driven changes.