# Unleashing recyclates for enhanced mechanical and durability performances of ternary blended concrete

## TL;DR

This study explores using recycled waste materials to improve the strength and durability of concrete while reducing environmental impact.

## Contribution

The research introduces shea nutshell ash and ground oyster seashell as novel cement substitutes in ternary blended concrete.

## Key findings

- Concrete with 10% substitution showed a 3% increase in strength compared to control samples after 90 days.
- Acidic and sulfate resistances improved by 11–53% with 5–10% material replacement.
- Drying shrinkage resistance increased by 9–34% in the modified concrete samples.

## Abstract

The recycling of waste materials as environmentally friendly cement alternatives to lessen the impact of CO2 emissions and safeguard natural resources associated with cement manufacturing cannot be over-emphasized. This study investigates the effects of recycled waste materials such as shea nutshell ash and ground oyster seashell as Portland limestone cement substitutes on the mechanical, durability, and sustainability performances of ternary blended concrete. Shea nutshell ash and ground oyster seashell were partially used as cement replacement at 5–15 wt. % and tested for mechanical properties after 3–120 curing ages. Chemical resistances and drying shrinkage were conducted as durability performance after 120 and 1–120 curing ages. The results revealed higher compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths at later ages, with about a 3% increase at 10 wt. % substitution after 90 curing ages than the control concrete. Ternary blended concrete samples, at 5–10 wt. % of shea nutshell ash and ground oyster seashell replacement levels, resulted in improved acidic, sulfate, and drying shrinkage resistances by 11–40%, 12–53%, and 9–34%, compared to the control samples. Ultimately, this research recommends an optimum of 10 wt. % shea nutshell ash and ground oyster seashell as cement alternatives, enhancing mechanical durability properties of ternary blended concrete.