# Designing Sustainable Materials for Energy Applications

## TL;DR

This paper explores lead-free piezoelectric materials as sustainable alternatives to the commonly used but harmful PZT, focusing on their structure-property relationships and performance.

## Contribution

The study introduces new lead-free piezoelectric materials with high performance and investigates their structure-property relationships using neutron diffraction and computational methods.

## Key findings

- A lead-free material with d33 ∼ 620 pC/N was identified, comparable to PZT in certain applications.
- BTFM-xPT shows a high Curie temperature (625-650 °C), suitable for high-temperature applications.
- Density functional theory calculations were used to predict phase stability and ferroelectric performance.

## Abstract

Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress and vice versa. Lead Zirconate Titanate, Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 (PZT) is the current industry standard and the basis for almost all generators, actuators, sensors and related applications critical in today’s technology. Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 shows a piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 200-600 pC/N. However, because of the impact of lead on the environment and human health, considerable demands have been placed on the scientific community to discover a sustainable lead-free alternative.

Here, we synthesize and investigate the structure-property relationships of environmentally friendly piezoelectric ceramics using neutron powder diffraction data from POWGEN and guided by computational approaches. Such relationships are critical to the design and optimization of piezoelectric devices. Neutrons offer a good contrast between heavy and light atoms compared to X-rays. So, this work is crucial to investigate the octahedral tilts of these materials adopting the perovskite structure and further understand how the structure has an impact on their physical properties. The results of the structure-property relationships of the following lead-free piezoelectric ceramics will be presented:

The system (1-x) BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3 -x Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3, which is the first lead-free piezoelectric material with a significantly high enough d33 ∼ 620 pC/N at x = 0.50, that could replace PZT in certain applications. In this study, we re-investigate its phase diagram as a function of temperature. The solid solution between Bi(Ti3/8Fe2/8Mg3/8)O3 (BTFM) and PbTiO3 (PT). BTFM-xPT shows a competitive d33 of 145 pC/N, and a high Curie temperature (Tc) of 625-650 °C for 0.625BTFM-0.375PT, which is important for high temperature applications.

Lastly, we are performing density functional theory calculations to predict phase stability and ferroelectric performance of materials.

---
Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12585720