# Real-time Characterization of the Morphology of High-Performance Engineering Thermoplastics During Additive Manufacturing via Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction

## TL;DR

This paper uses advanced X-ray techniques to study how the structure of a high-performance plastic changes during 3D printing, revealing why printed parts can be weak.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel combination of synchrotron X-ray diffraction and infrared pyrometry to analyze crystallinity in real-time during 3D printing.

## Key findings

- Crystallinity maps show heterogeneities develop within and between printed layers of PEEK.
- Temperature variations during printing affect crystallization behavior and interfacial adhesion.
- The non-equilibrium nature of 3D printing leads to structural inconsistencies in printed parts.

## Abstract

Additively manufactured, high-performance engineering thermoplastics are increasingly used to realize complex, 3-dimensional (3D) products. However, abrupt changes in material properties at the interface between printed roads can lead to poor performance. More specifically, heterogeneities in morphology that develop during the printing process can lead to poor interfacial adhesion between printed roads and, therefore, poor mechanical performance. To gain insight on the origins of heterogeneities in 3D-printed parts, we report a combination of synchrotron-based in-situ X-ray microdiffraction and infrared pyrometry to map the formation and evolution of crystallinity in polyether ether ketone (PEEK) in a series of prints. The spatio- temporal maps of crystallinity created from the X-ray data coupled with the variation in temperature through the height of the printed layers, as obtained from the infrared pyrometry data, has enabled the obtainment of a detailed description of the crystallization behavior. The crystallinity maps and analysis of the crystallization kinetics reveal the development of heterogeneities within and between layers of printed PEEK and provides insights into the non-equilibrium process of 3D printing.

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12585509