# Attitudes, needs, and opportunities for training on musculoskeletal disorder risk reduction in masonry

## TL;DR

This paper explores how training masonry apprentices with expert work strategies can reduce musculoskeletal disorder risks while maintaining productivity.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific training needs and safety culture attitudes in masonry to inform more effective MSD prevention programs.

## Key findings

- Masonry instructors highlight high physical demands and risks of injury due to forces, repetition, and awkward postures.
- Young apprentices often neglect musculoskeletal safety, while experienced workers are more safety-conscious.
- Training should include ergonomic awareness, safe lifting, injury prevention, mentorship, and productivity connections.

## Abstract

In many countries, including Canada, employers have a legal obligation to provide training programs to the new workers to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). However, current safety and health training modalities, including those specific to ergonomic and MSD prevention, have shown limited success in promoting safe motions patterns. As workers gain more experience, they develop the knowledge and skills necessary to consistently demonstrate safer and more productive performance in tasks within their areas of expertise compared to novices and apprentices. Training apprentices using expert work strategies is a potential intervention that can reduce MSD risk while balancing productivity needs. By understanding the perspectives of experts in the field, we investigate the specific needs of masonry workers and their employers to improve masons’ safety and health.

This study conducted qualitative user interviews with eight masonry instructors with more than 20 years of experiences from the Ontario Masonry Training Centre. The eight instructors had an average of 23.9 years of experience as masons with a range between 10- and 43-years. As instructors, they had an average of 6.9 years’ experience with a range between 1.5- and 18-years.

Thematic analysis using template methodology was carried out on the data collected and identified six key themes: knowledge of muscle injury risks and prevention, safety in masonry, physical demands and MSD risk, the impact of physical demands, safety culture and attitudes, and the role of safety in apprentice training. The instructors’ exposure to high physical demands within masonry was a major theme during the interviews. Instructors discussed the high forces, repetition and awkward postures which take a toll on their bodies. Another large theme was about the safety culture and attitudes within the trade. Younger apprentices often think themselves invincible and show less concern towards musculoskeletal safety, whereas the older masons are more concerned.

The findings highlight the need for apprenticeship training programs to include modules on safe lifting practices, ergonomic awareness, and long-term injury prevention. They also emphasize the importance of mentorship from experienced masons, structured rehabilitation support after injuries, and connecting ergonomic practices to productivity outcomes. Instructors’ perspectives provide valuable context to guide the development of ergonomic training systems that are both relevant to masonry work and tailored to the needs of apprentices and their employers.