# High-throughput sequencing in identifying somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin heavy chain variable regions with complex clonal backgrounds

**Authors:** 梦鸽 高, 蓉 魏, 扬 刘, 晓军 黄, 申淼 杨, 晓甦 赵

PMC · DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121090-20241016-00394 · 2025-09-01

## TL;DR

This study compares high-throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing in detecting somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes, focusing on their differences in complex clonal backgrounds.

## Contribution

The study identifies key factors causing discrepancies between NGS and Sanger sequencing in evaluating IGHV somatic hypermutation in complex clonal settings.

## Key findings

- NGS outperforms Sanger in identifying subclonal components and quantifying clonal proportions in complex backgrounds.
- NGS detected dual or multiple clones in 23 out of 43 non-monoclonal Sanger cases.
- NGS showed higher sensitivity and accuracy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia diagnosis and prognosis.

## Abstract

比较高通量测序（NGS）与Sanger测序在评估免疫球蛋白重链可变区（IGHV）基因体细胞高突变（SHM）状态中的应用差异，并着重探讨导致两种技术结果不一致的关键因素（尤其在复杂克隆背景下）。

回顾性分析2016–2021年于北京大学人民医院收集的Sanger测序结果显示为非单克隆（43例）和单克隆（10例）的淋系肿瘤样本，并采用NGS对其进行IGHV SHM检测。将两种方法的结果进行系统性比对，并从克隆丰度量化、引物设计差异及解读标准等角度，对结果不一致的病例进行分析。

53例同时进行Sanger测序及NGS检测的患者中，男36例，女17例，中位年龄64（33～88）岁。慢性淋巴细胞白血病35例（66.0％）、弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤9例（17.0％）、滤泡性淋巴瘤3例（5.7％）、套细胞淋巴瘤3例（5.7％）、其他3例（5.7％）。在43例Sanger测序结果为非单克隆背景的样本中，NGS检测结果显示23例为双克隆或多克隆，17例为单克隆，3例未检出克隆性。Sanger与NGS结果的主要差异体现在克隆性评估、IGHV基因重排类型以及突变率方面。在10例Sanger测序结果为单克隆的病例中，NGS检测出2例双克隆，另有4例的IGHV重排类型与Sanger结果差异明显。尽管两种方法在SHM比例检测上存在细微差异，但对突变状态的整体判断无实质影响。

与Sanger测序相比，NGS在IGHV SHM的复杂克隆背景中更具优势，尤其在识别亚克隆成分和精确量化克隆比例方面更具敏感性和准确性，可为慢性淋巴细胞白血病等淋系肿瘤的精准诊断及预后评估提供更为精准的分子依据。

## Linked entities

- **Genes:** IGH (immunoglobulin heavy locus) [NCBI Gene 3492]
- **Diseases:** chronic lymphocytic leukemia (MONDO:0004948), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (MONDO:0018905), follicular lymphoma (MONDO:0018906), mantle cell lymphoma (MONDO:0018876)

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** IGHV3OR16-17 (immunoglobulin heavy variable 3/OR16-17 (non-functional)) [NCBI Gene 390714]
- **Diseases:** diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (MESH:D016403), lymphoid malignancies (MESH:D008223), mantle cell lymphoma (MESH:D020522), CLL (MESH:D015451), follicular lymphoma (MESH:D008224)
- **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12580819