# Cardiac Tamponade in Disguise: Purulent Pericarditis as a Deadly Turn in Pneumococcal Sepsis

## TL;DR

A rare case of pneumococcal sepsis leading to life-threatening heart complications is described, emphasizing the need for early detection and treatment.

## Contribution

This case report adds to the understanding of purulent pericarditis as a severe complication of pneumococcal sepsis.

## Key findings

- Prompt pericardiocentesis and antimicrobial therapy improved hemodynamic stability in a patient with pneumococcal sepsis.
- Blood and sputum cultures confirmed Streptococcus pneumoniae sensitivity to initial antibiotics.
- The patient recovered without surgical intervention after multidisciplinary care.

## Abstract

Invasive pneumococcal disease, presenting as purulent pericarditis, is a rare but potentially fatal condition. Early recognition and targeted antimicrobial and supportive interventions are essential to improve outcomes, particularly in high-risk patients.

A 62-year-old male with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus was admitted with community-acquired pneumonia, following a five-day history of respiratory symptoms prior to hospitalization. A thorax CT scan revealed left lower lobe consolidation and bilateral pleural effusion. Empiric antibiotic therapy was initiated with ceftriaxone and azithromycin. As transthoracic echocardiography showed pericardial effusion and due to signs of myopericarditis, colchicine and lysine acetylsalicylate were added to the treatment. On the second inpatient day, he developed respiratory failure and hemodynamic instability with atrial fibrillation. A transthoracic echocardiography was repeated, which showed worse pericardial effusion with signs of cardiac tamponade. Emergent ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis was performed with purulent drainage. An immediate hemodynamic improvement was assessed. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from blood and sputum cultures, with sensitivity to the initial antibiotics. The pericardial fluid showed intense neutrophilic inflammation, though culture was negative. The patient recovered without surgical intervention and was discharged after 14 days of antibiotics, four weeks of corticosteroids, and three months of colchicine. No signs of constrictive disease were observed on the follow-up medical appointment.

This case highlights the importance of vigilance for cardiac complications in invasive pneumococcal disease. In the presence of bacteremia and pericardial effusion, echocardiographic monitoring is crucial, as even small effusions can rapidly progress to tamponade. Prompt drainage, adequate antimicrobial therapy, and multidisciplinary care are key to successful outcomes.