# The Impact of Top-Down Attention on Emotion Ensemble Perception: Fear-Guided Attention Leads to Cautious Decisions

## TL;DR

The study shows how top-down and bottom-up attention influence how people perceive the overall emotion of a group of emotional stimuli, with fear having unique effects on decision-making.

## Contribution

The study reveals distinct effects of top-down and bottom-up attention on ensemble emotion perception, particularly for fear, using drift diffusion modeling.

## Key findings

- Bottom-up effects of fearful stimuli lead to faster and more frequent fearful ensemble perception.
- Top-down fear-related decisions result in slower fearful perception and higher evidence requirements.
- These effects are specific to fear and highlight the interplay of attentional mechanisms in emotional perception.

## Abstract

Accurately deducing the emotional tenor of our visual surroundings has important repercussions, such as whether to approach a friendly group or flee a threatening mob. Perceptual decisions regarding individual emotional stimuli are heavily influenced by both task-driven (top-down) and stimulus-driven (bottom-up) attention. However, the impact of these attentional factors on perceptual decisions regarding the overarching or “gist” emotion conveyed by an ensemble of emotional stimuli remains unclear. We manipulated top-down and bottom-up attention in a task in which participants (N = 95) judged the average emotion of ensembles and applied drift diffusion modeling to uncover the underlying computational mechanisms. Our results showed different effects of attention, driven by task-related top-down compared to stimulus-related bottom-up factors, on overall ensemble perception. The inclusion of extremely fearful stimuli (bottom-up effect) led to (1) the ensemble being perceived as fearful more frequently and faster and (2) more efficient fearful evidence accumulation, allowing one to reach a fearful decision faster. In contrast, making fear-related decisions (top-down effect) led to (1) the ensemble being perceived as fearful less frequently and slower with a (2) wider boundary separation, indicating more evidence required for making a fearful decision. These distinct effects are unique to fear. Our findings provide important knowledge in understanding the interplay of top-down and bottom-up attentional mechanisms when swiftly integrating multiple sensory emotional inputs into a coherent perceptual experience, which carries significant implications across social and clinical contexts.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-025-00323-y.