# Structural properties of short-chain carboxylic acids and alcohols relate to the molecular and physiological response of Salmonella enterica in an acidic environment

## TL;DR

This study shows how different short-chain carboxylic acids and alcohols affect Salmonella's growth and gene activity in acidic conditions.

## Contribution

The study reveals how structural differences in SCCA/SCALC influence Salmonella's physiological and molecular responses.

## Key findings

- SCCA inhibited Salmonella more effectively than SCALC, except for lactic acid.
- Phenyl groups in SCCA/SCALC enhanced antimicrobial activity.
- Lactic acid reduced motility and prolonged the lag phase of Salmonella.

## Abstract

Short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCA) and short-chain alcohols (SCALC) are naturally occurring antimicrobials that contribute to the biopreservation of food fermentations. This study investigated the effect of structurally different SCCA/SCALC with two-carbon (acetic acid; phenylacetic acid; 2-phenylethanol), three-carbon (propionic acid; 3-phenylpropionic acid; 3-phenylpropanol), and three-carbon chain with an additional hydroxyl group (lactic acid; 3-phenyllactic acid; 1-phenylpropanol) on the fitness, metabolic activity and gene expression of the pathogen Salmonella enterica at pH 4.5. SCCA inhibited Salmonella at lower concentrations than SCALC with the exception of lactic acid, which was partly consumed. The presence of a phenyl group enhanced antimicrobial activity. SCCA but not SCALC increased the lag phase of S. enterica, and in general, acetate was formed when cell growth was reduced by 20% suggesting a negative impact on bacteria fitness. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering indicated distinct gene expression profiles of S. enterica in response to SCCA or SCALC. In the presence of certain SCCA/SCALC, Salmonella activated pathways related to cellular pH control, and 1,2-propanediol, propionic acid and ethanolamine metabolism that involved the formation of metabolosomes. Genes related to flagellar assembly were less expressed and mobility was lower in the presence of lactic and 3-phenyllactic acid compared to controls suggesting a compound-specific response.

• Differences in response among structurally different SCCA/SCALC at acidic condition.

• SCCA/SCALC stress interfered with cell growth and metabolism of acetic and propionic acid.

• Lactic acid prolonged the lag phase and reduced motility of Salmonella.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-025-13608-w.