# Vaccine confidence and potential implications for new tuberculosis vaccines

## TL;DR

This study examines vaccine confidence in countries with high tuberculosis burdens to identify where efforts to promote new TB vaccines may be needed.

## Contribution

The study uses general vaccine confidence data as a proxy for TB-specific confidence, highlighting countries where pre-vaccine introduction strategies may be necessary.

## Key findings

- Over 80% of respondents in 14 countries believed vaccines are important for all ages.
- India, Vietnam, Ethiopia, and Sierra Leone showed high vaccine confidence levels above 90%.
- South Africa, Russia, and Cameroon had lower confidence scores, suggesting a need for targeted efforts.

## Abstract

A lack of general vaccine confidence has been identified as a potential barrier to the introduction of new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. In the absence of TB-specific vaccine confidence surveys, analysis of general national vaccine confidence data can provide a useful proxy to determine where demand generation strategies may need to be focused ahead of future TB vaccine introductions.

We analysed 2023 Vaccine Confidence Index (VCI) data from 18 of the 49 countries present on at least one of the three World Health Organisation (WHO) high TB burden lists, and together containing 65% of the global TB burden, to explore overall confidence in vaccines in high TB burden countries. Based on collected answers to three different statements, we categorised responses 1–2 as ‘positive’ (vaccine confident) and 3–4 as ‘negative’ (vaccine hesitant) and calculated a total vaccine confidence score using the mean proportion of positive responses across the three statements.

In 2023, over 80% of respondents in 14 of the 18 countries analysed, and over 60% of respondents in all 18 countries, believed that ‘vaccines are important for people of all ages’. India, accounting for around 30% of global TB cases, demonstrated confidence levels exceeding 90%, as did Vietnam, Ethiopia and Sierra Leone. South Africa, the country with the seventh highest TB burden (280,000 incident cases in 2023), Russia and Cameroon exhibited a relatively low vaccine confidence score of 75.5% or lower, signalling a potential area for concern. These countries may require focused awareness-raising and advocacy efforts prior to the rollout of new TB vaccines, though additional research on TB-specific confidence indicators is needed.

This analysis underscores the importance of monitoring vaccine confidence levels to address emerging challenges to maintaining or bolstering the public’s trust in vaccination. Our findings could help determine which countries to prioritise for social mobilisation and demand generation efforts to boost vaccine confidence, and thus improve readiness for new TB vaccines.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44263-025-00216-z.