# 5′ UTR variant in the NDP gene leads to incorrect splicing and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

## TL;DR

A genetic variant in the NDP gene's 5' UTR causes incorrect splicing and leads to a rare eye disorder called familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

## Contribution

A novel hemizygous 5′ UTR variant in the NDP gene was identified and shown to cause FEVR through altered splicing.

## Key findings

- A new variant in the 5′ UTR of the NDP gene was found to cosegregate with FEVR in a family.
- Minigene splicing assays showed the variant causes partial deletions in exon 2.
- Variants in the 5′ UTR correlate with specific diseases like FEVR, ROP, and Norrie disease.

## Abstract

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) represents a clinically and genetically diverse ophthalmic disorder marked by incomplete development of retinal blood vessels. The NDP gene predominantly underlies X-linked FEVR.

Copy number variation sequencing, chromosomal microarray, whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify and validate the candidate variant. The functional effect of the candidate variant was further investigated in HEK293 and HeLa cells with pcMINI and pcMINI-N vectors by means of minigene splicing assay in vitro. A summary of known pathogenic variants in the 5′-untranslated regions (5′ UTR) of the NDP gene and their clinical characteristics was formulated.

Whole exome sequencing identified a novel hemizygous 5′ UTR variant (NM_000266.4: c.-167_-166delinsAAGG) in the NDP gene. Sanger sequencing confirmed cosegregation of this variant with FEVR in the affected family members. Minigene splicing assays demonstrated that this variant resulted in partial deletions in exon 2. Pathogenic variations in the 5′ UTR were categorized into three types: 1. indels in dipyrimidine repeats (exon 1); 2. variants in splice sites (intron 1); and 3. variants in exon 2 (5′ UTR). Among patients with variations in dipyrimidine repeats (5 out of 8), most were diagnosed with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Patients with splice-site variants in intron 1 (4 out of 6) were predominantly diagnosed with Norrie disease (ND), while all patients (7 out of 7) with variations in exon 2 (5′ UTR region) were diagnosed with FEVR.

A likely pathogenic variant was identified in 5′UTR of the NDP gene, and validation confirmed its impact on NDP splicing. The present analysis results also indicate a correlation between the location of the variations in 5′UTR and disease, providing assistance in disease prognosis.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-025-03724-1.