# The Importance of a Continuously Changing Heart Rate in Venous and Arterial Pressure Analysis

## TL;DR

This study shows that using a continuously changing heart rate improves the accuracy of pressure waveform analysis compared to average heart rate methods.

## Contribution

The study introduces insights on how varying heart rates affect frequency power in pressure waveforms during spectral analysis.

## Key findings

- Spectral analysis revealed non-linear trends in heart rate frequency power linked to heart rate changes.
- The time segment and difference between instantaneous and average heart rate affect the heart rate frequency power.
- Using a continuously changing heart rate improves pressure waveform analysis accuracy.

## Abstract

Previous studies have suggested that minimally invasive peripheral venous and arterial pressure waveforms provide a greater ability to detect acute changes in blood volume than traditional vital signs. Many of these studies are using Fast Fourier Transforms and power spectral densities to evaluate changes in the power at the heart rate frequency. Using the frequency domain requires a segment of the time domain to be converted into the frequency domain, which means that the heart rate derived from frequency domain analysis is an average of the segment used. However, in clinical settings the heart rate is changing continuously.

This study evaluates the changing heart rate frequency power under varying time segments and compares the heart rate obtained from Fast Fourier Transform and power spectral density analysis with the instantaneous heart rate to gain a better insight into how a changing heart rate may influence the heart rate frequency power.

Spectral analysis revealed non-linear trends in heart rate frequency power, with changes that correspond to changes in the heart rate. We found the time segment chosen and the absolute difference between the instantaneous heart rate and the average heart rate obtained from power spectral density analysis influences the heart rate frequency power, such that as the instantaneous heart rate approaches the average heart rate, the heart rate frequency power increases.

These results suggest that the time segment chosen for frequency domain analysis influences the power spectrum of the pressure waveforms. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the importance of utilizing a continuously changing heart rate in pressure waveform analysis.