# Micropeptides Encoded by Noncoding RNAs: Biological Functions and Roles in Diseases

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how noncoding RNAs can encode micropeptides that play roles in cellular processes and diseases, offering new therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities.

## Contribution

The paper systematically reviews the genomic origins, functions, and disease implications of micropeptides encoded by noncoding RNAs.

## Key findings

- Noncoding RNAs can encode micropeptides involved in RNA modification, transcription, and translation.
- These micropeptides are linked to diseases like cancer, heart disorders, and neurodegeneration.
- They show promise as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for personalized treatment.

## Abstract

Traditionally considered noncoding, various classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs)—including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and mRNA untranslated regions (UTRs)—have recently been shown to harbor micropeptide-encoding capacity. These functionally versatile micropeptides participate in various cellular processes spanning RNA modification, transcription regulation, splicing machinery, protein translation, and posttranslational modifications. This review systematically examines 3 aspects of ncRNA-derived micropeptides: their genomic origins and biogenesis, mechanistic roles in cellular physiology, and implications in human pathologies including oncogenesis, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. We highlight emerging potential as novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. Furthermore, we also discuss current methodologies for micropeptide and functional characterization. In summary, the systematic identification and annotation of disease-related ncRNA-encoded micropeptides has opened up a new milestone in the field for the development of novel targeted therapies and personalized disease treatment strategies.