# Acute Effects of Portable Dry‐EEG Neurofeedback on Classical Chinese Learning: A Three‐Arm Repeated‐Measures Study

## TL;DR

Portable dry-EEG neurofeedback improves attention and learning performance in classical Chinese tasks.

## Contribution

Demonstrates that real-time dry-EEG neurofeedback enhances cognitive performance in language learning.

## Key findings

- Neurofeedback improved comprehension accuracy compared to sham and control conditions.
- Reaction times in interference tasks were reduced with neurofeedback.
- Subjective cognitive load was significantly lowered during neurofeedback sessions.

## Abstract

Dry‐electrode electroencephalography (dry‐EEG) systems offer promising opportunities for real‐time neurofeedback in naturalistic educational settings, yet their effectiveness in supporting complex language learning remains underexplored. This study investigated the acute effects of portable dry‐EEG neurofeedback on students' cognitive performance and attentional states during classical Chinese learning, using a repeated‐measures design to compare neurofeedback, sham feedback, and device control conditions.

A total of 20 undergraduate participants completed three sessions involving a customized semantic disambiguation task after passive reading. EEG signals were acquired using a dry‐sensor OpenBCI system from four frontal sites (Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4). Real‐time attention indices were computed based on the beta/(alpha+theta) ratio and fed back visually in the neurofeedback condition. Cognitive outcomes included comprehension test scores and semantic conflict resolution performance (RT, accuracy, cognitive load).

Compared to sham and control conditions, neurofeedback significantly improved comprehension accuracy (p < 0.001), reduced reaction times in the interference task (p < 0.05), and lowered subjective cognitive load (p = 0.002). EEG indices of attention were significantly elevated during neurofeedback (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with behavioral gains (r = 0.63, p < 0.05).

Portable dry‐electrode EEG systems can reliably support real‐time neurofeedback to enhance attention and cognitive control in complex language learning contexts. This study provides empirical validation for deploying dry‐EEG sensors in adaptive educational technologies and contributes to the broader integration of wearable brain–computer interfaces in cognitive augmentation applications.

Portable dry‐EEG neurofeedback significantly enhances attention and semantic processing during Classical Chinese learning. Real‐time Beta/(Alpha+Theta) modulation improved comprehension, reduced cognitive load, and facilitated conflict resolution, demonstrating practical potential for wearable BCI in educational settings.